Abstract Vegetable oils (VOs) come in a wide range of flavors and trademarks. VOs are very similar in appearance, flavor, and taste, and it's frequently difficult to tell them from just by looking at them. Approaches for classifying these oils are sometimes expensive and time-intensive, and they frequently include analytical chemical techniques as well as mathematical algorithms like as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Properties of Partial Least Squares (PLS), Principal Components Regression (PCR), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance their effectiveness. Because of the large range of goods available, more productive techniques for qualifying, characterizing, and classifying these substances are required, as the ultimate cost should indicate the quality of the commodity that reaches the user. This study provides a technique for classifying VOs such as different manufacturers' soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola. This method utilized a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array sensor, a light emission diode, and a straightforward mathematical approach to capture the generated fluorescence spectrum (FS) in diluted oil. The spectrum classifications are performed using an ANN with three layers, each having four neurons. The approach can categorize VO and enables rapid network training with a 72% success rate utilizing only a few mathematical changes in the spectra data.

To identify the main sources of terrigenous sediments of the La Paz Lagoon, a description of the hydrology of the drainage basins and the mineralogy of the heavy fraction of the lagoon sediments is needed. In this work, 14 terrigenous sediment samples from the arroyos (dry streams) and 55 superficial marine sediment samples were collected from the study area. The drainage basins of the principal arroyos discharging into the lagoon were defined using geomorphologic analyses on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The sediment samples' grain size fraction of 3.25 - 3.00 phi was obtained by sieving. The heavy minerals were separated using bromoform and the mineralogical composition was determined using a petrographic polarization microscope. Three main sedimentary provinces in the lagoon were distinguished based on principal component analysis of the heavy mineral data and the study of the surrounding regional streams. The eastern sedimentary province is characterized by the predominance of orthopyroxene, especially hypersthene, as well as a high hornblende presence. This is due to the erosion of volcanoclastic sequences of the Comondú Formation and intrusive granitic complexes of Sierra de Las Cruces. The southeastern province displays a high abundance of hornblendes (up to 81% in some stations), micas, apatite, sphene, anatase, tourmaline, chlorite, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Lower contents of amphibole (up to 27.2% in some stations) and resistant garnet and zircon minerals were found, as were some soft-pink piedmontite and pale-green hypersthene. These minerals were supplied by the El Cajoncito, Los Bledales, La Palma, Cardonal and El Novillo arroyos eroding the intrusive rocks of "Granito Sierra de Las Cruces", "Tonalita La Buena Mujer" and in a smaller extent the extrusive and non-marine rocks (tuffs, riodacites, conglomerates and sandstones) of the Comondú Formation. The predominant minerals of the northwestern province are clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and phosphatic ooids. Relatively high abundance of olivine, hornblende, zircon, epidote and garnet were also found. These minerals are presumably supplied by the arroyos La Ardilla and other streams to the north of the El Centenario and El Comitán villages, as well as by eolian and littoral transport of the El Mogote sandbar dunes, which accumulates eroded sediments from the marine sedimentary rocks of El Cien Formation.

Para identificar las principales fuentes de aporte de sedimentos terrígenos hacia la Laguna de La Paz la descripción de la hidrología de las cuencas de drenaje con la mineralogía de la fracción pesada de los sedimentos de la laguna es necesaria. En este trabajo, 14 muestras de sedimentos terrígenos de arroyos y 55 muestras de sedimentos marinos superficiales fueron colectadas en el área de estudio. Las cuencas de drenaje de los principales arroyos que desembocan en la laguna fueron distinguidas usando análisis geomorfológicos en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). El tamaño de grano de la fracción de 3.25- 3.00 phi de los sedimentos fue obtenida mediante tamizado. Los minerales pesados fueron separados usando bromoformo y la composición mineralógica fue determinada utilizando un microscopio petrográfico de polarización. Tres provincias sedimentarias de la laguna fueron distinguidas en base al análisis de componentes principales de datos de minerales pesados y el estudio de los arroyos de la región. La provincia sedimentaria oriental se caracteriza por la predominancia de ortopiroxeno, especialmente hiperstena, al igual que por una alta presencia de hornblenda. Esto se debe a la erosión de secuencias volcanoclásticas de la Formación Comondú y omplejos intrusivos graniticos de la Sierra de Las Cruces. La provincia suroriental muestra una alta abundancia de hornblendas (hasta 81 % en algunas estaciones), micas, apatita, esfena, anatasio, turmalina, clorita, clinopiroxeno y ortopiroxeno. Menores contenidos de anfiboles (27.2% en algunas estaciones) y de minerales resistentes granate y zircón fueron encontradas, al igual que algunas piedmontitas de color rosa-suave e hiperstenas verde-pálidas. Estos minerales fueron suministrados por los arroyos El Cajoncito, Los Bledales, La Palma, Cardonal y El Novillo que erosionaron rocas de "Granito Sierra de Las Cruces ", "Tonalita La Buena Mujer" y en menor cantidad rocas extrusivas y no-marinas de la Formación Comondú. Los minerales predominantes de la provincia noroccidental son clinopiroxenos, ortopiroxenos y ooides fosfáticos. Abundancias relativamente altas de olivino, hornblenda, zircón, epidota y granate también fueron encontradas. Los minerales mencionados fueron posiblemente traídos por los arroyos La Ardilla y otras corrientes al norte de los poblados El Centenario y El Comitán, al igual que por transporte eólico y litoral de las dunas de la barra arenosa El Mogote, que acumula sedimentos erosionados de las rocas sedimentarias marinas de la Formación el Cien.